The Islamic Republic of Iran commonly responds to sanctions with offensive cyber-campaigns. Since at least 2009, Iran has relied on cyber-attacks to achieve many of its policy goals.
Facing the potential of new sanctions in the aftermath of President Trump's 8 May announcement that the United States would abandon the Iran nuclear deal, retaliatory cyber-attacks against the Western world are highly likely. In advance of any immediate attack, understanding the hierarchy of Iran's hackers offers insight into how to best defend against the looming prospect of risk.

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